Title	Date	Author(s)	Publisher	Lvl	Type	Eugenics 0-5	Evolution 0-5
Elements of Biology	1907	Hunter, George William	American Book Company, New York	HS	Phylogenetic	0	0 None beyond that implied by the phylogenetic structure.
First Course in Biology*	1908	Bailey, L. H.; Coleman, Walter M	Macmillan, New York	HS	Phylogenetic	0	1 Some content on evolution - which text equates with progress and complexity - integrated into sections on reptiles and bacteria, similar to Smallwood (except 1920).
Applied Biology	1911	Bigelow, Maurice A; Bigelow, Anna N	Macmillan, New York	HS	Unity of Life	0	5 Though presented at the end of the text, provides a thorough and surprisingly modest explanation of the topic of evolution.
Essentials of Biology	1911	Hunter, George William	American Book Company, New York	HS	Phylogenetic	1 Domestication and selective breeding introduced at end of Zoology section.	2 Introduces evolution, including human evolution. Very Lamarckian. No Darwin.
Elementary Biology: Plant, Animal, Human	1912	Peabody, James Edward; Hunt, Arthur Ellsworth	Macmillan, New York	HS	Phylogenetic	0	1 None beyond that implied by the phylogenetic structure.
Biology	1914	Calkins, Gary	Holt, New York
A Civic Biology	1914	Hunter, George William	American Book Company, New York	HS	Economic	4 Strongly eugenic, refers to the "feeble-minded" as parasites, that "blood tells," that there are clearly good families and bad families, and regarding bad families, save for our "humanity" we would "kill them off to prevent them from spreading" (263). However, conclusion less doctrinaire.	3 An amalgam of Lamarckian and Darwinian ideas, used the word evolution, but consigned Darwin to support "improvement" of plants, animals and humans (253).
Practical Biology	1916	Smallwood, W. M; Reveley, Ida L; Bailey, Guy A	Allyn and Bacon, Boston	HS	Phylogenetic	0	2 Evolution indexed. Darwin bio (30) includes references to both Origins and Descent.
Civic Biology	1918	Hodge, Clifton F. and Dawson, Jean	Ginn, Boston	HS	Economic	4 Strongly eugenic. Directly links evolution to eugenics and boldly promotes the critical need to prevent the "feeble-minded" ‰ÛÒ 1 in 30 Americans, according to the authors ‰ÛÒ from reproducing (344-45).	3 Offers reasonable description of evolution, but only as a set up to genetic and eugenic management.
Elementary Biology: An Introduction to the Science of Life	1919	Gruenberg, Benjamin C	Ginn, Boston	HS	Unity of Life	1 Very mildly eugenic.	4 Clear in its presentation of theory. Cautionary in promotion of application.
Biology for High Schools	1920	Smallwood, W. M; Reveley, Ida L; Bailey, Guy A	Allyn and Bacon, Boston	HS	Phylogenetic	1 Mildly suggests students "take care" in selecting mates so that the inherited tendency toward "industry and thrift" are passed on to children.	0 Evolution not indexed. Darwin bio not present in text (only Smallwood to omit). Weak presentation of human evolution. Confused presentation of natural selection.
Biology for Beginners	1921	Moon, Truman J	Holt, New York	HS	Phylogenetic	1 Implies racial progress.	3 Indexed. Reasonable description. Note: strongly links organic and cultural evolution.
Foundations of Biology	1922	Woodruff, Lorande Loss (M) Yale Bio	Macmillan, New York	C		1 Cautionary. '37 edition includes important anti-eugenic statement. See pp. 407-09.
Civic and Economic Biology	1922	Atwood, Wm. H	P. Blakiston's, Philadelphia	HS	Economic	5 Harshly eugenic. Contains the most shocking defense, summed up by this quote: "One of the reasons why Greece, Rome, and the other great nations of antiquity perished is that they violated the principles of eugenics. If our nation is to live its people must be of the best, and their blood must not be contaminated by that of the unfit. What is your state doing to improve the next generation?" (337).	4 Complete by standards of the day, though highly progressionist, focused toward improvement. Labeled "The Doctrine of Evolution." Compare to era's best, Bigelow 1911.
New Essentials of Biology	1923	Hunter, George William	American Book Company, New York	HS	Phylogenetic	1 Identical to Hunter 1911.	2 Identical to Hunter 1911.
The Biology of Man and Other Organisms	1923	Linville, Henry R	Harcourt, New York	HS	Normative	4 Strongly eugenic in its demands for "social control of inheritance" (178), though structure mitigates narrative force, climaxing with calls for correct posture, exercise and proper diet.	4 Evolution strongly presented, though its position at the end of zoology section telegraphs a progressionist rather than unity of life ideology.
Biology of Home and Community	1923	Trafton, Gilbert H	Macmillan, New York	HS	Economic	0 No eugenics, despite focus on domestication and species improvement.	4 Excellent, extensive treatment of topic. Unusual for its day. Downplays natural selection somewhat in favor of mutations - typical.
Living Things, An Elementary Biology	1924	Clement, Arthur G	Iroquois Publishing Co, Syracuse, NY	HS	Economic	4 Eugenics serves as closing statement, after plant and animal breeding. Talks of hard costs to society of bad heredity: Jukes and Kallikaks.	2 Natural selection, adaptation, Darwin credited for theory, evolution indexed, reference to Origins.
Biology and Human Welfare	1924	Peabody, James Edward; Hunt, Arthur Ellsworth	Macmillan, New York	HS	Economic	5 Harshly prescriptive. Heritage and habits of equal importance.	1 Darwin (along with Agassiz and Pasteur) introduced early as great biologists, but no mention of evolution.
New Biology	1924	Smallwood, W. M; Reveley, Ida L; Bailey, Guy A	Allyn and Bacon, Boston	HS	Phylogenetic	2 Text is generally descriptive not prescriptive. Little or no content on habits, posture, mate selection, trade selection.	2 Indexed and woven into the text, carefully so as not to offend. Word 'evolution' used just once, and oddly. Darwin bio edited.
Living Things, An Elementary Biology	1925	Clement, Arthur G	Iroquois Publishing Co, Syracuse, NY	HS	Economic	4 Eugenics serves as closing statement, after plant and animal breeding. Talks of hard costs to society of bad heredity: Jukes and Kallikaks.	1 Natural selection remains from 1924 (but as before, only as support for selective breeding. 'Evolution' removed from index. Darwin bio edited.
Biology and Human Life	1925	Gruenberg, Benjamin C	Ginn, Boston	HS	Economic	4 Suggests intelligent control of reproduction via enlightened institutionalization is the only path to more advanced civilization.	3 Accurate, anti-progressionist description of natural selection (536) with meaning of "fittest" strongly disclaimed.
Life and Evolution	1926	Holmes, Samual Jackson (M) University of California	Harcourt, New York	C		5 - Propogandistic. See pp 411-427. Book's final and climatic chapter. Note particularly citations on 427.
New Civic Biology	1926	Hunter, George William	American Book Company, New York	HS	Economic	5 Harshly eugenic and deterministic. "Our knowledge of heredity" underscored promotion of natural personal limits - with students suited for the professions, commercial life or the trades relative to their inborn traits (402).	3 No different in effect or content than Hunter 1914, despite edits made to satisfy post-Scopes publishing concerns (e.g. 'evolution' became 'development').
An Introduction to Biology	1926	Kinsey, Alfred C	Lippincott, Chicago	HS	Unity of Life	2 Asks students in one exercise to find stories on Jukes, Kallikaks, Darwin and Edwards families. Does not index eugenics, but has a deterministic thrust. "There are really very few of us who have the necessary heredities to make good Presidents of the United States" (174).	3 Defends the use of the word 'evolution' (196-97), but focuses on 'sports' and artificial selection. No theory. Evolution not indexed.
Biology for Beginners	1926	Moon, Truman J	Holt, New York	HS	Phylogenetic	1 Implies racial progress, but does not cover eugenic language.	3 Nearly identical to Moon 1921.
Modern Biology: Its Human Aspects	1926	Waggoner, Harry Dwight	D. C. Heath, Boston	HS	Phylogenetic / Unity of Life hybrid	4 Harsh, though typical for the decade ... comparable to Atwood (1927). Quote: "A high class human family can retain its excellence only so long as the marriages of its members are with individuals of the same type. Marriages with lower types can result only in a deterioration in the sum total of desirable family qualities" (347).	1 Closes with a short paragraph on the "Law of Development" and the words "Organic Evolution," but makes no mention of the topic elsewhere in the text.
Biology	1927	Atwood, Wm. H	P. Blakiston's, Philadelphia	HS	Economic	4 Less harsh than Atwood 1922. However, eugenics presented as a climax to the text and a key focus of biology.
The Laws of Living Things	1927	Menge, Edward J.	The Bruce Publishing Company, Milwaukee	HS	Phylogenetic w/ some hyrid elements	0 Eugenics not indexed, and despite devoting a chapter to "Civic Biology," Menge does not touch on the topic at all.*	4 Strong 10-page section. Promotes Lamarck-Darwin-DeVries. Touches on sesitivities but suggests acceptance
Elements of Modern Biology	1929	Plunkett, Charles Robert	Henry Holt and Company, New York	C		0 No mention
New General Biology	1929	Smallwood, W. M; Reveley, Ida L; Bailey, Guy A	Allyn and Bacon, Boston	HS	Phylogenetic	2 Nearly identical to Smallwood 1924.	2 Indexed and woven into the text, carefully so as not to offend. 'Development' substituted for 'evolution' in text. 'Evolution' still in Darwin bio. Bio includes concluding paragraph from Origins (between 648-649).
Advanced Biology	1929	Wheat, Frank M.; Fitzpatrick, Elizabeth T	American Book Company, New York	HS	Unity of Life	4 Significant matter-of-fact 15-page mid-text section, sandwiched between chapters on "Plant and Animal Breeding" and "Progressive Development" (aka evolution). However, surprisingly non-deterministic. Authors believe environmental improvements, such as the eight-hour day, better tenement and housing conditions, public playgrounds for city children, compulsory education, laborers' compensation laws, widows' pensions, child labor laws and vocational guidance and training" could all lead to "race improvement" (362-64).*	5 Significant, detailed 20-page section. Though typical Lamarck-Darwin-DeVries layout.
College Biology	1930	Barrows, Henry R. d. 1935 (M) New York University	Richard R. Smith, New York	C		4 Propogandistic. Chapter XVIII - Applied Genetics - ends with subsection on Eugenics. Somewhat edited in 1936.
Problems in Biology	1931	Hunter, George William	American Book Company, New York	HS	Economic	4 Retains all the harsh language of Hunter 1926, but argument no longer as clearly presented.	3 More explicitly links general evolution ('development') and human evolution. No clear expression of theory.
Essentials of Biology	1931	Meier, W. H. D; Meier, Lois	Ginn, Boston	HS	Phylogenetic	2 Though it closes with eugenics, the text contains no supporting argument.	0 No mention of evolution, even as bridging material.
Fundamentals of Biology	1932	Haupt, Arthur W (M) UCLA		C		4 Propogandistic.
General Biology	1933	White, E. Grace (F) Wilson College Bio	The C. V. Mosby Company, St. Louis	C		5 Propogandistic. See pp 270-283	3 Clearly a "Darwin in eclipse" text. The word evoltuion not indexed or used in texts. But from page 316 to 326 discusses Lamarck, Darwin, Weismann and DeVries
An Introduction to Biology	1933	Cole, Elbert C.	John Wiley & Sons, New York	C		4 Deterministic. Jukes, Kallikaks and Edwards all offered without disclaimer.Dismissive of improvements to environment, as "there is certainly a limit ot such improvement, for inverior stock is scarecely qualified to maintain an improved environment." Laments, "we are somewhat restricted in what can be done, for society will not permit the destruction of the weak and unfit" (478).
Dynamic Biology	1933	Baker, Arthur O; Mills, Lewis H	Rand McNally, New York	HS	Normative (weakly)	3 Standard 1930s presentation comparing Juke and Kallikak families with Edwards family. Warns of close intermarriages and immigrants of "defective stock" (655).	3 Does not index word 'evolution." But closes with reasonable description of historical evolution and theory. Disclaims Darwin in favor of De Vries. Not unusual for the era.
New Introduction to Biology	1933	Kinsey, Alfred C	Lippincott, Chicago	HS	Unity of Life	2 Does not index eugenics. Retains Juke etc. exercise and deterministic tone of Kinsey 1926.	3 'Evolution' introduced in index and treatment slightly expanded. Kinsey not current - labels natural selection "Darwinism" or "Survival of the Fittest" (431).
The Living World	1933	Mank, Helen Gardner	Benj. H. Sanborn & Co, Chicago	HS	Unity of Life / Health	0	1 Natural selection, but no Darwin.
Biology for Beginners	1933	Moon, Truman J; Mann, Paul B	Holt, New York	HS	Phylogenetic	3 Introduces genetics and eugenics, including H. H. Goddard's Kallikak study.	4 Expands treatment relative to 1926, though substitutes "racial development" for evolution
Man and the Nature of His Biological World	1934	Jean, Frank Covert (M); Harrah, Ezra Clarence (M); Herman, Fred Louis (M); Colorado State College of Education and Powers, Samual Ralph (M) Columbia	Ginn, Boston	C		5. Entire narrative leads to the eugenic climax. Influenced by Burlingame (1922). Closes with "Hereditary differences should always have weight in deciding one's vocation" (426). Authors would update text in '44 and '52. Very conscious of latest stats and confirming opinion, including reference to Villee '50 in '52 Jean.
Biology for Today	1934	Curtis, Francis D; Caldwell, Otis W; Sherman, Nina Henry	Ginn, Boston	HS	Unity of Life	2 Strong pitch for eugenic awareness closes text, but avoids harsher prescriptions of many earlier and most competitors.	2 Difficult to judge. No mention of Darwin. Word 'evolution' not used. But concept fully integrated into reproduction, genetics and "The Record of the Ages" (576-650).
New Biology	1934	Smallwood, W. M; Reveley, Ida L; Bailey, Guy A	Allyn and Bacon, Boston	HS	Phylogenetic	3 Introduces Juke and Kallikak studies. Along with Edwards, Darwin and Bach.	3 Strong presentation relative to earlier versions, integrated paleontology, heredity, and human ancestry.
An Introduction to Biology	1935	Rice, Edward Loranus (M) Ohio Wesleyan University Bio Debated Bryan in '25, advised Darrow at Scopes	Ginn, Boston	C		Cautionary. 1. "Progress must be gradual and conservative" (564)
Biology	1935	Fitzpatrick, Frederick L; Horton, Ralph E	Houghton Mifflin, Boston	HS	Economic	4 Proudly eugenic. Closes on the topic. However, remains strictly economic, not normative, throughout.	5 Strongest presentation of evolution in any American high school textbook until BSCS, complete and fully integrated, yet does not index or use the word!